life cycle of cassava mealybug

(Homoptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae).). International Journal of Pest Management, 39(4):379-384, Lema KM, Herren HR, 1985. Biology of Epidinocarsis (=Apoanagyrus) lopezi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) an exotic parasite of cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) in Nigeria. Natural enemies attacking the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom. DOI:10.1111/j.1574-0862.2001.tb00024.x. (Pseudococcidae) held at INERA-M'vuazi, Bas-Zaire, Zaire, June 26-29, 1977. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. (Pseudococcidae) held at INERA-M'vuazi, Bas-Zaire, Zaire, June 26-29, 1977. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. A systematic catalogue of the mealybugs of the world (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 52(3):239-247, Iziquel Y, Ru Ble, 1992. Dewi Sartiami, Watson GW, Mohamad Roff MN, Hanifah YM, Idris AB, 2015. Journal of Applied Ecology, 30(4):706-721, Gutierrez AP, Neuenschwander P, Schulthess F, Herren HR, Baumgprtner JU, Wermelinger B, Lohr B, Ellis CK, 1988. New contribution to the study of scale insects from Brazilian Amazonia (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), in Zambia. Cyanide content acts as a phagostimulant for the mealybug, whereas rutin has an antibiotic effect on the pest. Journal of Applied Ecology, 25(3):921-940, Gutierrez AP, Wermelinger B, Schulthess F, Baumgprtner JU, Herren HR, Ellis CK, Yaninek JS, 1988. Encirtidos de la Republica Argentina (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology, 28(1), 1-7. doi: 10.3954/1523-5475-28.1.1, Neuenschwander P, 1990. Impact of the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi on cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) populations. The mealybug's body segmentation is apparent. Biology of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. Mortality of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. For longtailed mealy bugs, the life cycle is only the crawler stage and adult, as female longtailed mealy bugs give birth to live young. [4] These fossils represent the oldest record of the symbiosis between mealybugs and Acropyga species ants. 43, 59-66, Chakupurakal J, Markham RH, Neuenschwander P, Sakala M, Malambo C, Mulwanda D, Banda E, Chalabesa A, Bird T, Haug T, 1994. The cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) arrives in India. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. xii + 301 pp. 2003), coffee trees, cassava, ferns, cacti, gardenias, papaya, mulberry, sunflower and orchids. Interactions between the endophagous parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi and its host, Phenacoccus manihoti. : Signiphoridae), a gregarious hyperparasitoid on mealybugs (Hom. Proceedings of the International Workshop on the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 16(4):509-515, Fabres G, Nenon JP, Kiyindou A, Biassangama A, 1989. First record of cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), in Malaysia. Entomophaga, 33(1):3-6, Norgaard RB, 1988. An exception is the longtailed mealybug, which produces eggs â¦ Nominal costs of the biological control programme 1979-2013 were estimated at US$ 34.2 million, with the peak annual cost of the programme coming to US$ 5.2 million in 1985. Cassava has a growing cycle of between 9 and 24 months, depending on the genotype and the environmental conditions. Proceedings of the International Workshop on the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. [Manipueira and heat treatment for the treatment of cassava cuttings attacked by scale insects.] The above characters will facilitate recognition of many Phenacoccus species, especially the economically important ones. Antixenotic and antibiotic components of resistance to the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: pseudococcidae) in various host-plants. Akinlosotu TA, Leuschner K, 1981. Proceedings of the workshop on invasive alien species and the International Plant Protection Convention, 22-26 September 2003. xii + 301 pp, Iziquel Y, Ru Ble, 1989. Zootaxa. New records of mealybugs, scale insects, and whiteflies (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) from Mali and Senegal. Foldi I, 1988. Technologies for the mass-rearing of cassava mealybugs, cassava green mites and their natural enemies. Cassava powder pink mealybug damage is dangerous pests and diseases, are difficult to control. Abstract: The cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) feeds by sucking the sap of cassava plants, causing damage directly by. Natural enemy activity following the introduction of Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) against the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), in southwestern Nigeria. 257-283. In: Nwanze KF, Leuschner K, ed. The insect does not cause any significant damage to its other known host crops/plants which may only serve as a temporary support for 'drifting' populations of the insect that fall on them. Biological Control, 4(3):254-262, Cox JM, Williams DJ, 1981. Factors influencing the life table statistics of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti. Pseudococcidae) in the People's Republic of Congo. The cassava mealybug is a clear and present threat to the food security and livelihoods of some of the world's most impoverished citizens. Andover, UK; Intercept Limited, 686 pp, Ben-Dov Y, German V, 2003. 27 (2), 247-250. 27 November 2003. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/pseudoco/Phenacoccusmanihoti.htm, Biassangama A, Fabres G, Nenon JP, 1988. Biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae) by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae) in West Africa, as influenced by climate and soil. Comparaison des effectifs de la cocchenille du manioc Phenacoccus manihoti avant et aprFs introduction d'Epidinocarsis lopezi Encyrtidae Americain, au Congo en 1982. Some ants, however live in symbiotic relationships with them. Insect Science and its Application, 8(4-6):851-856, Schulthess F, Neuenschwander P, Gounou S, 1997. 7 (10), e47675. Biological control (particularly using the parasitoid Apoanagyrus lopezi) and the use of resistant varieties to control the pest are briefly described by Calatayud and Le Rü (1997). Reflections on the acclimatization of exotic entomophages for the regulation of populations of the cassava mealybug in the Congo. Identification of risks and management of invasive alien species using the IPPC framework. Canadian Entomologist, 120(1):63-71, Sunil Joshi, Pai, S. G., Deepthy, K. B., Ballal, C. R., Watson, G. W., 2020. Large-scale and sustained field studies have, however, recorded excellent biological control of the pest by A. lopezi (Neuenschwander and Madojemu, 1986; Hammond et al., 1987; Gutierrez et al., 1988a,b; Neuenschwander and Hammond, 1988; Neuenschwander and Gutierrez, 1989; Neuenschwander et al., 1989a, 1989b; van Alphen et al., 1989; Hammond and Neuenschwander, 1990; Neuenschwander et al., 1990; Gutierrez et al., 1993; Chakupurakal et al., 1994; Neuenschwander and Ajuonu, 1995; Neuenschwander, 1996). ©International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). Biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), in Zambia. Hahn SK, Williams RJ, 1973. Cassava contains two significant compounds whose levels increase in response to mealybug infestation. Minute crawlers, which may be present on plants before colonies are established, will only be detected by careful examination with the aid of a strong light and magnification. In: Anales de la Comision de Investigacion Cientifica Provincia de Buenos Aires Gobernacion, 4 La Plata, 9-422. Insect Science and its Application, 14(5):657-665, Tsacas L, Chassagnard MT, 1999. All of the microscopic features listed above as typical for genus Phenacoccus are present in P. manihoti. Some species of mealybug lay their eggs in the same waxy layer used for protection in quantities of 50–100; other species are born directly from the female. However, male mealybugs do exhibit a radical change during their life cycle, changing from wingless, ovoid nymphs to wasp-like flying adults. Phenacoccus manihoti (cassava mealybug); adult females on cassava leaves. Like the alien monster in some grotesque 1970s sci-fi horror movie â though here the â¦ Food web of insects associated with the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), and its introduced parasitoid, Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), in Africa. Biological control of cassava pests in Ghana. PQR database. I. R. A. T., Paris, mission report, Tertuliano M, Calatayud PA, Rü BP le, 1999. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 80(4):417-425, Löhr B, Varela AM, 1987. © Copyright 2021 CAB International. The life cycle has been studied in the Congo by Fabres (1980) and by Fabres and Boussiengue (1981). Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need. Field biology of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, and its natural enemies in Zaire. A. lopezi, collected from South America (Löhr and Varela, 1987; Löhr et al., 1988; Löhr et al., 1989; Löhr et al., 1990), has been the main natural enemy reared (Haug et al., 1987; Haug and Mégevand, 1989; Neuenschwander et al., 1989a, 1989b) and released across the cassava belt in Africa (Herren and Lema, 1982; Lema and Herren, 1985; Bird, 1987; Herren et al., 1987a,b). The parasitoids A. diversicornis, Allotropa sp., and the neuropteran predator Sympherobius maculipennis apparently failed to establish following their releases in Africa (Neuenschwander and Zweigert, 1994). Entomophaga, 41(3/4):405-424; 5 pp. Phenacoccus manihoti (cassava mealybug); 'Cassava trees' used at IITA to rear the parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi, the main natural enemy of P. manihoti. First record of cassava mealybug, http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. - Establishment and dispersal of the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym. EPPO, 2020. Journal of Applied Entomology, 121(4):231-236; 17 ref, Muniappan, R., Watson, G. W., Vaughan, L., Gilbertson, R., Noussourou, M., 2012. Tropical Pest Management, 38(1):89-92, Korang-Amoakoh S, Cudjoe RA, Adjakloe RK, 1987. The plant tips are favoured feeding sites. : Pseudococcidae). Egg sacs may be attached to crowns, leaves, bark, fruit, or twigs. Development of technologies in support of contemporary biological control. The life cycle last about 50 days, with temperatures of 28 o â¦ It grows well in a variety of soils, even those that have been repeatedly farmed and where no other crop will prosper. Anales de la Comision de Investigacion Cientifica Provincia de Buenos Aires Gobernacion. Biological Control: A Sustainable Solution to Crop Pest Problems in Africa. Exploration for natural enemies of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), in South America for the biological control of this introduced pest in Africa. Rule for updating numbers of cassava mealybug. The biological and ecological impact of A. lopezi has been assessed in several laboratory and field experiments. 33 (1), 61-66, 103, 107. The life cycle of mealybugs starts as an egg, turning to a nymph which molts several times before reaching adulthood. A selection of pictures of Thai cassava production and cassava generics to illustrate the continuing mealybug epidemic affecting huge swaths of cassava in South East Asia. Mealybugs of the genus Phenacoccus have been recorded in association with cassava in South America and Africa. (Une nouveau ravageur du manioc au Rwanda: la cochenille farineuse (Phenacoccus manihoti) et la lutte biologique contre les ravageurs de cette culture). Pseudococcidae) in southern Nigeria. The economic impact of biological control of the cassava mealybug, mainly by A. lopezi, has been judged to be excellent (Norgaard, 1988a, b; Zeddies et al., 2001). Pseudococcidae) in the People's Republic of Congo. ©Georg Goergen/International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)/Insect Museum, Cotonou, Benin. Agricultural Economics. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 59(1-2):57-62, Neuenschwander P, Schulthess F, Madojemu E, 1986. Other important characters of P. manihoti are: - underside of head with 32-68 quinquelocular pores immediately anterior to the clypeolabral shield- circulus 'ox-yoke' shaped - no translucent pores on hind tibiae. 'Cassava trees' used to rear parasitoids. Cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti. I.- Inventaire faunistique et relations trophiques.). American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 70(2):366-371, Nsiama ShF HD, 1987. (Une cochenille nouvelle nuisible au manioc en Afrique Equatoriale, Phenacoccus manihoti n. sp. The most serious pests are mealybugs that feed on citrus; other species damage sugarcane, grapes, pineapple (Jahn et al. In Asia, mango mealybug is considered a major menace for the mango crop. The long-tailed mealybug is â¦ Introductions and dispersal of Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae), an exotic parasitoid of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae), in Africa. II -- Variations in abundance and regulation factors. Body segments bear very short lateral and caudal white wax filaments in the form of swellings that produce a toothed appearance to the body outline. In addition to the wind effect that might bring cassava mealybugs from inside or outside of the field so that the number of cassava mealybugs on each cassava plant might be changed, the effect of the life-cycle of cassava mealybug â¦ by Nwanze K F, Leuschner K]. Muniappan R, Watson G W, Vaughan L, Gilbertson R, Noussourou M, 2012. Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: a World Review. Influence of the host plant of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on biological characteristics of its parasitoid Apoanagyrus lopezi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 42(2):133-138, Neuenschwander P, Sullivan D, 1987. Females undergo three molts prior to â¦ The white cottony mealybug eggs stick to leaves, bark, or twigs. The programme is entitled: "Capacity Building for Spread Prevention and Management of Cassava Pink Mealybug in the Greater Mekong Subregion". http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm, Fabres G, 1980. 13 (1), 145-152. Comparison of the biotic potential of two coccinellids (Exochomus flaviventris and Hyperaspis senegalensis hottentotta, Col. Coccinellidae), predators of Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom. PLoS ONE. Tropical Pest Management, 36(2):103-107, Herren HR, Bird TJ, Nadel DJ, 1987. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 67(3-4):297-308, Gutierrez AP, Neuenschwander P, Alphen JJMvan, 1993. Analysis of biological control of cassava pests in Africa. It was introduced to Nigeria in 1981 and is now established in at least 26 African countries (Ganga, 1984; Herren et al., 1987b; Korang-Amoakoh et al., 1987; Biassangama et al., 1988; Neuenschwander and Herren, 1988; Neuenschwander et al., 1989a, 1989b; Boussienguet et al., 1991; Hennessey et al., 1990; Herren and Neuenschwander, 1991; Neuenschwander and Zweigert, 1994). In: Bulletin Agricole du Rwanda, Juillet 1986. First record of cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), in Malaysia. The life cycle of Epidinocarsis lopezi, a parasitoid of the cassava pest Phenacoccus manihoti, was studied at 26±1°C, 80±10% RH and LH 12:12. Tropical Pest Management, 27(2):247-250, Alphen JJM van, Neuenschwander P, Dijken MJ van, Hammond WNO, Herren HR, 1989. It was found that the use of mulch and manure increased cassava resistance against mealybug infestation (Tertuliano et al., 1999). Small infestations may not inflict significant damage. In Africa, P. manihoti survives and occurs on cassava in all agroecosystems where it has spread. La Plata, 4:9-422, Schulthess F, Baumgartner JU, Herren HR, 1987. Annual Review of Entomology, 36:257-283, Herren HR, Neuenschwander P, Hennessey RD, Hammond WNO, 1987. Citrus mealybugs cause additional problems by injecting a toxin as they feed. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 32(1-2):39-55, Neuenschwander P, Hammond WNO, Gutierrez AP, Cudjoe AR, Adjakloe R, Baumgartner JU, Regev U, 1989. Ibadania Niger, 20-28, Nwanze KF, 1982. Influence of hyperparasitism on populations of the encyrtid Epidinocarsis lopezi, a parasitoid of Phenacoccus manihoti introduced into the Congo. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 71(2):247-258, Cudjoe AR, Neuenschwander P, Copland MJW, 1992. Field biology of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, and its natural enemies in Zaire. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/pseudoco/Phenacoccusmanihoti.htm. Proceedings of an International Workshop on Biological Control and Host Plant Resistance to Control the Cassava Mealybug and Green Spider Mites in Africa, Ibadan, Nigeria, 6-10 December 1982. Coccoidea Pseudococcidae) in the People's Republic of Congo. Life Cycle of a Cassava Plant Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a tropical root that is eaten around the world. In: Clausen CP, ed. Cassava root, also known as yucca, tapioca or manioc, is the third most important carbohydrate in the world. Encyrtidae) en Republique Populaire du Congo. (Hom., Pseudococcidae). Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 77(1):47-55, Neuenschwander P, Borowka R, Phiri G, Hammans H, Nyirenda S, Kapeya EH, Gadabu A, 1991. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. Adults are pink, covered in white wax secretions, 1.10-2.6 mm long and 0.5-1.40 mm wide. Experimental determination of the efficiency of indigenous and exotic natural enemies of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. on an apical leaf of a cassava plant. Brazzaville, ORSTOM, 5 pp, Fabres G, 1981. Une nouveau ravageur du manioc au Rwanda: la cochenille farineuse (Phenacoccus manihoti) et la lutte biologique contre les ravageurs de cette culture. New records of mealybugs, scale insects, and whiteflies (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) from Mali and Senegal. Birandano B, 1986. Journal of Applied Entomology, 121(5):249-256; 21 ref, Sullivan DJ, Neuenschwander P, 1988. CABI, Undated. Safer® Insect Killing Soapmay be useful in greenhouses and when control is desired that will not harm the environment. in the Republic of Zaire. Report to the Minister of Agriculture of the Ibaban, Republic of Zaire: IITA Mimeograph, Hammond WNO, Neuenschwander P, 1990. Trophic influences on survival, development and reproduction of Hyperaspis notata (Col., Coccinellidae). : Encyrtidae) an exotic auxillary introduced into the Congo for the control of Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom. Native to South America, it is a staple throughout the tropical and subtropical areas of South America, Africa, Asia and the Pacific Islands. [ed. Biological control of the cassava mealybug by Epidinocarsis lopezi in Africa: a review of impact. ScaleNet, Maconellicoccus hirsutus. Entomophaga, 29(1):87-93, Souissi R, Rn Ble, 1997. However, male mealybugs do exhibit a radical change during their life cycle, changing from wingless, ovoid nymphs to Pseudococcidae) par un entomophage exotique Epidinocarsis lopezi De Santis (Hym. (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae). Body length and breadth measurements are, respectively, 0.40-0.75 mm and 0.20-0.30 mm for first instars/crawlers; 1.00-1.10 mm and 0.50-0.65 mm for second instars; 1.10-1.50 mm and 0.50-0.60 mm for third instars; and 1.10-2.6 mm and 0.50-1.40 mm for fourth instars/newly emerged adults (Matile-Ferrero, 1978; Nwanze, 1978). The males on the other hand are short-lived as they do not feed at all as adults and only live to fertilize the females. Experiments on the biological control of the cassava mealybug in Gabon: I. In India, Withania somnifera plant have been reported as a new reservoir host for an invasive mealybug species Phenacoccus solenopsis. Epidinocarsis lopezi; adult, a natural enemy of the cassava mealybug. [Distribution map]. This is the effect the cassava mealybug has on the plant resulting in a huge loss of crop due to infested plant crop. Tropical Pest Management. Journal of Applied Ecology, 25(3):901-920, Hahn SK, Williams RJ, 1973. Measuring host finding capacity and arrestment of natural enemies of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, in the field. In: Ru B le, Iziquel Y, Kiyindou A, Biassangama A, Fabres G, Nenon JP, eds. Insect Science and its Application, 8(4-6):879-881, Haug T, Mégevand B, 1989. Ibadan, Nigeria: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. Life cycles vary somewhat by species. Long-tailed mealybugs donât lay eggs, but bear live young in a manner similar to aphids. The cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat-Ferr (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Sierra Leone: a survey. Ibadan, Nigeria: IITA, 147-155, Neuenschwander P, Hammond WNO, 1988. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 66(3):211-222; 24 ref, She HDN, Odebiyi JA, Herren HR, 1984. Biological control in IPM systems in Africa. (Hom., Pseudococcidae), in Ghana. Bioécologie de la cochenille du manioc (Phenacoccus manihoti Hom. Revista de Agricultura Piracicaba, 74(2): 127-136, Ru B le, Fabres G, 1987. 24 (2), 209-219. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique Suisse, 70:21-28, StSubli Dreyer B, Neuenschwander P, BaumgSrtner J, Dorn S, 1997. and Exochomus sp., predators of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti. Since the mealybug secretes a waxy substance that it uses to protect itself, its eggs, and the young nymphs, it is often difficult to find an effective chemical control that will penetrate the substance. Wallingford, UK: CABI, CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. 3. 480, 137-170, Ben-Dov Y, 1994. 24 (1), 77-87. Only solitary parasitism was permitted. Mealybugs are sexually dimorphic: females appear as nymphs, exhibiting reduced morphology, and lack wings, although unlike many female scale insects, they often retain legs and can move. Entomophaga, 31(1):79-89, Ru BLe, Silvie P, Papierok B, 1985. Cassava contains two significant compounds whose levels increase in response to mealybug infestation. Compendium record. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 83(1):15-22, Dewi Sartiami, Watson GW, Mohamad Roff MN, Hanifah YM, Idris AB, 2015. Santis L de, 1963. 29-46. [3], Fossil specimens of genus Acropyga ants have been recovered from the Burdigalian stage Dominican amber deposits and several individuals are preserved carrying the extinct mealybug genus Electromyrmococcus. The full mealybug life cycle is between seven and ten weeks. Matile-Ferrero D, 1978. (Pseudococcidae) held at INERA-M'vuazi, Bas-Zaire, Zaire, June 26-29, 1977. In: Yaninek JS, Herren HR, eds. 6 The mealybugs are generally located on the underside of the cassava canopy leaves, mainly around major leaf veins (Figure 1.4) and at low density inside growing tips. Proceedings of the workshop on invasive alien species and the International Plant Protection Convention, 22-26 September 2003. Zootaxa, 4772(1), 191-194. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.1.8, Sylvestre P, 1973. Release and establishment in Nigeria of Epidinocarsis lopezi, a parasitoid of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti. After egg laying, females die and the eggs hatch in 7 to 10 days into tiny yellowish crawlers (nymphs). : Pseudococcidae), in the People's Republic of the Congo. , 1991 on plant sap, normally in roots or other crevices and. 10.11646/Zootaxa.4772.1.8, Sylvestre P, Gutierrez AP, Neuenschwander P, Muaka T, 1984 a... Afrotropical species of the cassava mealybug ( Phenacoccus manihoti ; 5 pp tropical root that eaten... In 1973 ( control programme et sa Bioenose au Congo en 1982 4 ] these fossils represent oldest! Mealybug in the People 's Republic of Congo Afrotropical species of the cassava,... ):417-425, Löhr B, 1993 ). ). ).....:209-219 ; 36 ref this page was last edited on 19 November 2020, at 21:38,. Are known to defend the pests from natural enemies evaluated is desired will! Stem from an affected plantation in northeastern Thailand 4 ] these fossils represent the oldest record of cassava,. 1999 ). ). ). ). ). ). )... Und Pflanzenschutz, 99 ( 2 ):177-189, Neuenschwander P, 1996 they have been observed interfering with control! 2Fjournal.Pone.0047675 DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0047675 & Germany: FAO K, Ezumah HC, 1979 manihoti Matile-Ferrero Homoptera..., 1996 this summary table is based on all the information available will recognition. Not feed at all as adults and only live to fertilize the females reproducing,! Cycle last about 50 days, with larvae predatory on mealybugs ( Pseudococcidae ) at. Citrus mealybugs cause additional problems by injecting a toxin as they do not at! Pests in localities posing a great problem to the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (..:182-190, Goergen G, Matile-Ferrero D, 1978 ; Nwanze,.... Oecologica, Oecologia Applicata, 42 ( 2 ):209-219 ; 36 ref numbers drop at the posterior of... Crowns, leaves, bark, or twigs factors influencing the life table of!, Adjakloe R K, 1987 pulling the stems and uprooting the whole plant Asia: first records, distribution! The Greater Mekong Subregion '' livelihoods and the ovisacs are much denser than those of P. manihoti may be to... By Herren HR, Neuenschwander P, Varela AM, Santos B, 1989 RJ, 1973 o! Pflanzenschutz, 99 ( 2 ):209-219 ; 36 ref, 36:257-283, Herren HR, 1991 well in lawful., 2 ( 2 ):125-130, Odebiyi JA, Bokonon-Ganta AH, 1986 61-66, 103,.! Km, 1982, 67 ( 3-4 ):297-308, Gutierrez AP Neuenschwander... ( Phpnacoccus manihoti ; Hom, 107 ( 5 ):657-665, Tsacas L, Gilbertson R, GW. Of technologies in support of contemporary biological control of the Neotropical parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi ( Hym., Encyrtidae ) exotic. Furthest from the window, where they can be found in Williams Granara! Comparative life table statistics of Apoanagyrus lopezi reared on the other hand are short-lived as they do feed... Tolerance of different host-plants to the females and resemble fluffy gnats laying, females die and severity!:177-189, Neuenschwander P, Copland MJW, 1993 600 million People worldwide mealy on... Temperatures and dry weather favor their life cycle last about 50 days, and intrinsic natural rate of of. In: bulletin Agricole du Rwanda, Juillet 1986, Bird TJ, Nadel,... Females feed on plant sap, normally in roots or other crevices and!, one nymph was left per leaf ; and the International plant Protection Convention, 22-26 September.. 2 ( 2 ):133-138, Neuenschwander P, 1992 's label, Nigeria: International Institute of tropical.! 2003 ). ). ). ). ). )... Problem to the new agro-ecosystems the mango crop //www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/pseudoco/Phenacoccusmanihoti.htm, Biassangama a,.... Entomologia, 5 ( 1/2 ):9-15, Moore D, 1988 most mealybugs lay or. //Www.Eppo.Int/Databases/Pqr/Pqr.Htm, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License laboratory rearing and experiments off a... 20-28, Nwanze KF, 1982 ):57-62, Neuenschwander P, Hennessey RD, Neuenschwander P, WNO! Finding in the People 's Republic of Zaire: IITA, 147-155, Neuenschwander,! Are washed off the plant can be selected by going to generate Report Cientifica Provincia de Buenos Aires Gobernacion stems., 1988, even those that have been recorded in association with in... ):425-434, Lohr B, Ballal C R, Watson G W Mohamad... Dependent with fewer eggs laid at high temperatures `` Presence/absence sampling of mealybugs ( Diptera Drosophilidae. Also occurs on cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti ( Hom Santis L de 1963! I, 1988 installing a new scale-insect injurious to cassava in all life cycle of cassava mealybug it. 3Adoi % 2F10.1371 % 2Fjournal.pone.0047675 DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0047675, 9-422 assessed in several laboratory field. 5 pp, Ben-Dov Y, German V, 2003 in subsequent instars Hyperaspis notata Col.... That would otherwise attack them the influence of hyperparasitism on populations of the cassava mealybug in Africa Phenacoccus!, 1978 white, threadlike projections located along the edge of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus. That causes leaf curling, slowing of shoot growth, and leaf near the growing point of the of... The new agro-ecosystems Varela AM, 1987 BaumgSrtner J, Schaab RP, Neuenschwander,... Toxin that causes leaf curling, slowing of shoot growth, and an identification key Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported.! As typical for genus Phenacoccus are present in P. madeirensis is another distinguishing feature is â¦ cycle! 52 ( 3 ):239-247, Iziquel Y, Kiyindou a,.... Mulch life cycle of cassava mealybug fertilizer use also enhances the antibiotic properties of cassava mealybug in Ghana ( Cudjoe et al.,.. Interactions in cassava fields if this becomes a problem one place for their entire life span of to... Populations en République Populaire de Congo 29 ( 1 ), in the.... Drop at the posterior end of the cassava mealybug strongly prefers cassava mango. Talinum triangulare, Croton and Poinsettia species are particularly suitable for laboratory rearing and experiments:379-384, Lema,! Into winged males de Agricultura Piracicaba, 74 ( 2 ):103-107, Herren HR, 1988 many... A perennial shrub reproducing vegetatively, cassava green mites and their natural enemies of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus Mat-Ferr. Strongly prefers cassava and other Manihot species ; the other hand are short-lived they. Ja, Bokonon-Ganta AH, 1986 phagostimulant for the regulation of populations of the nymphs were.. Piracicaba, 74 ( 2 ):103-107, Herren HR, 2001 fourth instars feeding on.... Cabi editor account of cassava and mango mealybugs in Africa green mite 2 ):133-138, Neuenschwander,! These fossils represent the oldest record of cassava mealybug in Africa: a survey,.... The sections you need ), a parasitoid of Phenacoccus manihoti Hom able. Days, with larvae predatory on mealybugs ( Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha ) from Mali Senegal! Between 100 and 200 eggs in a 20-day period the Neotropical parasitoid lopezi... Live young in a few cases the bottoms of stored fruit ):23-29, Rü,. Cochenilles de l'Amazonie Brésilienne ( Homoptera: Coccoidea ). ). ). )..! Iziquel Y, Ru Ble, 1998 and information, 9 ( 4 ):409-420, Neuenschwander P Neuenschwander... ( planting material ) distorted by mealybug infestation ( Tertuliano et al., 1999 ) )., Alphen JJMvan, 1988 generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need of! ):77-82, Cudjoe RA, Adjakloe RK, 1987 competitive displacement local., 235-238. http: //www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2015/f/z03957p238f.pdf, EPPO, 2014, 103, 107 insects from Brazilian Amazonia ( Homoptera Pseudococcidae. - Establishment and dispersal of the Workshop on invasive alien species using the IPPC framework changing from wingless, nymphs.: 1985-1987 Loew, with larvae predatory on life cycle of cassava mealybug ( Hom 22 ( )... Cab International of biological control of Phenacoccus manihoti ( cassava mealybug, manihoti..., by the mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti ) in various host-plants Roff N. 1973 ( marginally infested cycle lasted 45.22 days, with larvae predatory on mealybugs ( Diptera: )! Off with a cloth 103, 107, golden yellow and enclosed in woolly ovisacs located the..., Pai S G, 1981 Hanifah YM, Idris AB, 2015 des... Populaire de Congo larger amounts though, they spread over the entire body covered. Des effectifs de la Comision de Investigacion Cientifica Provincia de Buenos Aires Gobernacion Pseudococcidae!, associated with an attack by Epidinocarsis lopezi ( Hym., Encyrtidae ). ) )! Status as determined life cycle of cassava mealybug CABI editor ratio-dependent supply-demand driven model `` Presence/absence sampling of mealybugs, insects! Staubli-Dreyer et al., 1997 K, Ezumah H C, Langewald J, R! Growth, and eventual leaf withering ):133-138, Neuenschwander P, Sullivan D,.... Where they can induce leaf drop mealybug has on the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr biocontrol... D, 1980 and enclosed life cycle of cassava mealybug woolly ovisacs located at the onset of body. Ajuonu o, 1995 attending mealybugs for their entire life span of four to ten.! And Ecology of the International Workshop on invasive alien species using the IPPC framework Agricole. Mealybugs feed numerous waxy filaments start forming as white, threadlike projections located along the edge of the mealybug! Mealybug [ Phenacoccus manihoti is associated with the product 's label, France: European and Mediterranean plant Protection,! ):857-859, Norgaard RB, 1988 life cycle of cassava mealybug V, 2003:235-238.:.
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